All investors have one common goal – get better returns or performance out of their portfolio. While not all investors can be successful, all successful investors do display some characteristics which can be followed by other investors. Mind you, these characteristics are easier said than followed. In this article, we will talk about the most common characteristics and approaches to be successful at investing.

• Set realistic goals and investment objectives:

Having a fair and reasonable expectation from your investment is the first thing that investors should learn about. The investment objective should be aligned to the investment asset class, risk appetite and your expectations from the portfolio. Any imbalance in these key elements is bound to find friction and conflicts. If one is unreasonable, he/she will probably end up making the wrong decisions. While working with an advisor, it also becomes important that you share your expectations and investment objectives and then arrive at mutually acceptable details of the same. Having the right expectations from your advisor is also an important element of successful investing for investors.

• Be disciplined and patient:

As investors, we should understand that not doing anything in the markets is also counts as a decision or strategy. There have been many studies which have showcased that rather than attempting to time the markets, just spending time in the markets is much more beneficial to the investors. Making steady but low returns is much more preferred in the long run than making random high and low returns over the long term. This patience becomes very important if you consider yourself as a long term investor. Discipline in your investment approach or strategy is another very key success factor. If you are investing in a disciplined fashion, market movement and levels will no longer be important for you over time. Small investments, made regularly can deliver exemplary returns as compared to unplanned, random lumpsum investments. Being disciplined and patient also involves ignoring market distractions and noises.

• Look at diversification and asset allocation

Diversification and asset allocation are a couple of investment strategies which have proved themselves to be indispensable to the investors. Having the right asset allocation on your total portfolio is perhaps the most critical factor for deciding your portfolio performance. How would a 15% returns on your equity portfolio matter if it is only 10% of your portfolio? The right mix of asset allocation – say into equities, debt and real estate or other physical assets should be appropriately managed in accordance with your risk appetite. Similarly, diversification is also important but one should be careful as to not to over-diversify into too many asset classes, products or AMCs or schemes. Only a reasonable amount of diversification would be beneficial for your portfolio. An investor should periodically review his/her portfolio asset allocation and diversification with the advisor.

• Minimise the number and intensity of your mistakes

Warren Buffet strongly advocated making fewer investing mistakes to be successful at investing. While some of your investment decisions will surely help you reap good returns, it is often the mistakes that you do that destroy your returns. A good investment portfolio in quality mutual fund schemes will definitely help you create wealth. However, if you make some financial mistakes, that will surely eat up all your progress. Hence, it pays if you play it safe and not make mistakes. Also, the quantum of money put at stake for risky financial decisions bears huge significance. Make sure that any risk you are taking is only with money which you could afford to lose without any significant impact on your portfolio. By rule, know that any investment “guaranteeing” high returns is too good to be true and is not possible in the market. If you want high returns with risk, equities should be your go-to asset class.

• Know your expertise and your limits

The great Sachin Tendulkar once realised that his cover drive was not working against the Australians. He decided to not play that shot, a very common one, in his entire innings in that one match and ended up making a very good score. The point being, one has to know one's areas of expertise and your limits and work accordingly. If you are good in your profession, business and making money out of it, stay focussed and continue doing that with all passion. If you are not so good at identifying stocks, leave that work to the fund managers, don't try to become one. The idea is not to stretch ourselves and try and become experts at everything. Managing wealth or money requires a certain amount of time, knowledge, efforts, market awareness, product familiarity and freedom from personal bias. It would be great if you have everything, but it would not be so great if you are overconfident of your skills and expertise. You will only end up hurting your wealth.

• Be responsible:

Being responsible for your investments would mean a certain level of seriousness and commitment to your financial plans and investment strategies. It would also mean that you value your money and would not take undue risks or decisions which are not in line with your stated objectives or contrary to the advice from your advisor. Being responsible would also mean that you are professional and adopt an unbiased, ego-free, open attitude and approach to managing investments. Being responsible would also mean that you share the important things with your advisor that directly or indirectly may impact your finances. Lastly, being responsible would also mean that you listen and follow the mutually decided decisions with your financial advisor, in a time bound manner, giving it the priority it deserves.

Most of us are aware of what a will is and how it works. Most of us are also under the impression that the will is only for people who are of old age. Also, that a Will and estate planning is not important.

Before we explain why estate planning is important, let us look at what happens when you die without making a will. When an individual dies without making a will, then he/she is called to have died “Intestate”. Incase of death of an individual intestate, succession is then governed by personal laws of succession. When governed by personal laws, the division or transfer of estate may not take place as wished by the deceased.

For example, if a Hindu individual wishes to transfer some of his estate to his father or brother but doesn't make a Will, in succession by Hindu Succession Act, the father and brother will not get anything as they are not Class 1 legal heirs under the law.

Thus, as an individual, if you wish that your assets are distributed and divided not only according to your wish but also in a manner where it goes to the right beneficiary, estate planning becomes important.

Estate planning refers to the organized approach to managing the accumulated assets of a person that will be transferred to the intended beneficiaries. It covers the structural, financial, legal and tax aspects of managing wealth in the interest of the intended beneficiaries. The term estate includes all the money, assets, property owned by a person before death, and also all the liabilities the individual had before passing away. Estate also includes all the claims that the deceased was entitled to receive or pay.

Estate planning is important as without formal structures that ensure that these purposes are met, there could be disputes, conflicting claims, legal battles, avoidable taxes and unstructured pay-offs that may not be in the best interest of the beneficiaries. The estate of a deceased is generally passed on to the legal heirs of the individual, however, they can be transferred to any individual the deceased wishes to receive his estate or a part of the estate. The estate can also be passed on to a trust and be managed by trustees where the ownership is with a distinct entity.

One may argue that he/she has done nomination in financial assets. But one needs to understand that in case of nomination, someone has the right to just receive the investment or asset proceeds as an agent or trustee as per law and such a person is not a beneficiary of the same. The assets may be required to be transferred from the nominee to the legal heir as per the law.

Advantages of Estate Planning

1. Minimise delay, costs and legal hassles

After the demise, the legal formalities and transfers take time and the family generally has to wait a long time to get everything in order. With proper estate planning and a valid Will in place, you can avoid this delay for your family and they can get everything in order quickly and without legal hassles. A lot of money can also be saved which may go to lawyers and legal expenses in case of absence of an estate plan. An even higher amount of money is spent in case there are family disputes. One can avoid this hassle by simply creating a will and ensuring that a proper estate plan is in place.

2. Disclose all assets /investments

Most of us may not know the full details of the assets belonging to our spouses and similarly they too would not know all of our assets. This becomes even more important if you are the bread earner of the family. Your dependents will not be even aware of your entire estate and investments that you must have made. A detailed Will helps them by disclosing all assets/investments properly and getting all the affairs in order.

3. Avoid Disputes

Making a valid Will clearly states out your preferences in distribution of your estate. This will clearly help in avoiding any legal disputes in the family. In absence of any Will, disputes are most likely to breakout in distribution of properties and businesses. A valid Will signed by all beneficiaries /legal heirs will go a long way in keeping the family intact and together.

4. Plan for incapacity

While most people are convinced that estate planning is for old age, that is not true. Life is unpredictable and anything can happen at anytime. It is possible that one becomes incapacitated because of some unfortunate accident or sudden medical condition which leaves them unable to manage their financial affairs.

While estate planning, one can create a power of attorney for both financial and healthcare decisions in case of incapacity. This can help you and your family in difficult times.

5. Support your favorite cause

An individual can leave a fixed amount as donation or as charity to a cause he or she wishes. In often cases, where a proper will has not been made, these causes go unnoticed as the family is unaware of the deceased wishes.

6. Assign a legal guardian for your children /dependents

In unfortunate cases where both the parent pass away and the children are still minors, the court decides who the legal guardian to the kids will be. However, with estate planning, you can assign a legal guardian in case of any unfortunate incidents and make sure that your kids and dependents, if any, go into safe and trusted hands.

Your Investment Goal :
The beginning point of any investment has to be you and your needs. Having a predefined goal or objective is crucial for shaping your portfolio and if you haven't given it a serious thought, we suggest that you do it as a mandatory exercise. A goal setting exercise can normally be anything from the following list and even beyond...

• Saving for a life goal like retirement, child's
• marriage, purchase of house, etc.
• Creating X amount of wealth in future...
• Arranging for regular income
• Protection of wealth over time
• Parking of funds for brief period of time
• Tax savings coupled with wealth creation

Scheme Category/Style Universe :
After finalizing the investment goal and objective, the next task is to shortlist the mutual fund scheme category/style depending on the investment horizon and your risk appetite. The scheme risk classification, based on uniform standards in the industry, can be used as a reference point to match to your personal risk profile. There are many categories of mutual funds available with primary underlying asset classes of debt and equity and varying mixtures of both.

The allocation between equity and debt should match your risk appetite and time horizon. Investing across different schemes and asset classes is a good idea for diversification of risks as they have their own risk-return trade-offs and advantages /disadvantages. If you are planning for specific investment /financial goals, they are however likely to dictate the type of schemes you will have to invest in. Once the investment objective is defined, it is now important to select the schemes and the investment/ withdrawal options to match the needs.

Fund House Universe :
There are around 40 fund houses in India offering their services. A fund house is at the heart of your mutual fund investing experience and performance of the schemes. When we invest in a scheme, we give a mandate to the fund house to manage the money on our behalf. There are fund houses specializing in different asset classes and also the scheme performance of the top and the bottom fund houses differs significantly. Knowing and selecting the right the fund house universe is thus important.

The fund selection focuses on the parentage, management quality, experience and investment philosophy. The quality of the team, investment processes, risk measures and operational efficiency are also important attributes that ensures good performance. While most of us may find it difficult to assess fund house on all these parameters, we can certainly get an idea of the fund house by visiting their websites, reading basic details in scheme documents or accessing on-line research articles /reports. We should try to shortlist fund houses that have a strong presence in the financial world and provide schemes that have a reasonably long and consistent track records.

Scheme Performance :
The performance of the scheme is benchmarked against comparative indices and most schemes provide performance comparison against these benchmarks. However, they may not be appropriate for us and we should look at performance against similar/peer-set schemes to get a better idea of performance. This exercise will enable us to differentiate the good performing schemes from the laggards in our universe of fund houses.

Within performance, a fund delivering the highest return in a particular period or recently may not necessarily be the best. One has to look for consistency in good performance over different periods of time. By consistency we mean that the returns are not over volatile over different periods while giving good returns steadily. We should also keep in mind that the past performance is no guarantee of future results.

Scheme Objective & other attributes:
At this final stage of selecting a mutual fund scheme, we are now evaluating between few schemes which we shortlisted in the previous step. Among the things we can check are...

Investment objective: which talks about the scheme's goal, investing rationale and asset class composition. We should check that the scheme matches our own financial objectives and needs.

Other attributes: Entry and exit loads, management fees /expenses, fund manager, size of the AUM, portfolio concentration, turnover ratio, are some of the other things can one can give attention to. These may not play as important role as the other factors but some of these attributes may carry significance depending upon one's needs /preferences. To know about the above information one may need to look into the scheme documents and other literature available.

Conclusion:
For success of any investment goal, there are many factors that play a crucial role. Most important is that of setting the right goals and having a portfolio with the right asset allocation. This is where most of investors are more likely to go wrong. As we have many times in past reiterated, asset allocation is the primary determinant, almost 94%, of long term performance of a portfolio as opposed to product selection and timing. Though we have talked about scheme selection in this article, investors having good financial advisors can rely on their expertise to recommend and suggest schemes and on which they can further seek clarifications as discussed here. As educated investors though, we should all know what important things should be known before investing under any scheme.

Most of us have read the tale of “the rabbit and the turtle” in our schooldays. Let's recall the tale and refresh our childhood.

Once upon a time, there was a rabbit, who was overconfident because of his abilities. The rabbit used to boast about his skills and he used to make fun of a turtle since the latter was very slow. The turtle got really annoyed with the rabbit's behavior and one day, he challenged the rabbit for a race. The rabbit on hearing this, mocked the turtle believing that there is no chance that he can win, and they agreed to race.

The next morning, they reached the starting point and the rabbit pulled up his socks, still mocking at  the turtle. They started and the rabbit instantly picked up pace, while the turtle started the race taking baby steps, the rabbit leaped high and left the turtle far behind in no time.

Midway, the rabbit saw a restaurant, and he was feeling hungry too, he looked around and the turtle reached nowhere near him, so he decided to stop by and eat something. After the meal, the turtle was still out of his sight, and he felt lazy after the meal, so he decided to take a nap. The nap turned into a long careless sleep, and he did not realize when did the turtle ran past him. 

The rabbit suddenly woke up, alarmed, and started running as fast as he could to catch up in the race. But when he reached the finish line, he saw the turtle waiting for him. His head hung in embarrassment.

Moral of the story: Slow and steady wins the race

Let's try to relate this story to the life of an investor, how we manage our investments and understand its implications on our financial health. Let's see why the rabbit, in spite of being better positioned lost to the turtle.

• The rabbit leaped very high initially, like the investors who have  money and are pumped up to make more out of it.  They do not think and start putting in their money, in order to reach the finish line earlier. You have a good start doesn't mean you'll experience same trend all throughout your investments in long term. Your strategy should have a balanced approach to meet your long term goals as per your risk profile. There should also be a differentiation between short-term and long-term goals and planning should be done accordingly of where you want to reach and when.
• Overconfidence: There is a thin line between confidence and overconfidence and once the line is crossed, it can cause only harm. There are investors, who are overconfident on their knowledge about the markets and products and often their views are biased between different asset classes. They go very aggressive in their preference of any particular asset class, often debt and equity, and then risk their money. One has to realise that both asset classes are for different time horizons and suitable as per differing risk profiles of the customers. Going overboard on any particular asset class will put your capital to risk, and this includes investments in Bank FDs which carry of risk of loosing 'real value' over time due to inflation.
• The turtle was slow but was steady at the same time; our mutual fund SIP's are based on the same theme. SIP  investments are most suitable for small investors who can regularly invest irrespective of worrying about market levels. The turtle investor will be disciplined and will invest his regular SIP amount, no matter what comes his way, he will not get carried away by a restaurant (another hot investment opportunity) or need for a nap (other personal aspirations like desire to travel, or buying a car, etc). He will meet his other aspirations only after providing for his investment commitment. While a rabbit investor gets carried away by the restaurants and the need for nap falling in his way.
• The rabbit should have been vigilant even if he wanted to take a break. He got so overwhelmed with his hunger and nap, that he forgot his ultimate goal, and when the clock struck 12, he tried his level best to meet his goal, but to his dismay, the turtle was already there. Similarly, the investor who keeps his life goals ahead and religiously follows his investment plan, will meet his goals in time, while others who lose track for other things that come their way, end up repenting. At times, there is no way the investor can make up for his losing vigil, that he can't achieve the goal, no matter how hard he tries.
• The rabbit shouldn't have overlooked the power of patience that the turtle had. The rabbit investor invests and expect instant returns, he does not realize that it is not a magic wand, rather it is a seed which is just sown and will need time to turn into a tree and reap ripe fruits. The rabbit panics and sells at lower prices when the market falls and gets excited when the market rises, and buy more at higher prices. The turtle invests and then wait patiently, he too faces highs and lows but with patience, he keeps a control over his emotions and wins the race.

The story throws light on issues that we face when we become the rabbit and how we should adopt the virtues of patience, discipline, confidence, vigilance and balance of the tortoise in order to win the financial race.